Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in microalgae, primarily omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) are essential nutrients with positive effects on diseases such as hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and coronary risk. Researchers still seek improvement in PUFA yield at a large scale for better commercial prospects. This review summarizes advancements in microalgae PUFA research for their cost-effective production and potential applications. Moreover, it discusses the most promising cultivation modes using organic and inorganic sources. It also discusses biomass hydrolysates to increase PUFA production as an alternative and sustainable organic source. For cost-effective PUFA production, heterotrophic, mixotrophic, and photoheterotrophic cultivation modes are assessed with traditional photoautotrophic production modes. Also, mixotrophic cultivation has fascinating sustainable attributes over other trophic modes. Furthermore, it provides insight into growth phase (stage I) improvement strategies to accumulate biomass and the complementing effects of other stress-inducing strategies during the production phase (stage II) on PUFA enhancement under these cultivation modes. The role of an excessive or limiting range of salinity, nutrients, carbon source, and light intensity were the most effective parameter in stage II for accumulating higher PUFAs such as ω-3 and ω-6. This article outlines the commercial potential of microalgae for omega PUFA production. They reduce the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, and hypertension and play an important role in their emerging role in healthy lifestyle management.