Abstract
Background The general characteristics of prison menus worldwide can include unhealthy, low-quality options. This imbalance can lead to poor health consequences. In seeking the optimal "Goldilocks Zone" of nutritional adequacy, this study analyzed the uniform seven-day cycle menu for both Saudi female and male prisons and compared it to standard dietary recommendations. Aim The United Nations recognizes that the "food security and nutritional status of the most vulnerable" are projected to "deteriorate further due to the health and socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021 report. This study focuses on the nutritional status of female and male Saudi prisoners and is designed to understand and quantify the prevailing levels of nutrient provision to Saudi prisoners based on a seven-day cycle menu. Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive study design was utilized to examine the seven-day cycle national menu, which is consistently applied to both male and female Saudi prisoners. We calculated the nutrient provision from this menu using data on the typical nutrient content of the provided food. Subsequently, we compared the determined levels of nutrients with the reference Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Results For most nutrients, the levels provided in the menu were adequate. Prisoners receive an adequate supply of energy and macronutrients, as well as sufficient quantities of most minerals and vitamins. The fiber content of the diet was notably low, and the sodium content was above the recommended upper limits. Mineral and vitamin levels were low for potassium and Vitamin A and slightly below the recommended level for calcium. The potential health implications of long-term nutrient imbalances are discussed, along with suggestions for addressing these imbalances by introducing different foods. Conclusion The Saudi prison menu operates within the Goldilocks Zone of nutritional balancing. However, optimizing the standard prison menu to more closely meet nutritional and prisoner health goals and to offer more plant-based options for prisoners to help address the United Nations - Sustainable Development Goals and Saudi Vision 2030 is worthy of further discussion and research.