Abstract
A combination of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) extraction and microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) have been investigated for the valorisation of waste rice straw. ScCO(2) extraction of rice straw led to a 0.7% dry weight yield of lipophilic molecules, at elevated temperatures of 65 °C and pressures of 400 bar. Lipid compositions (fatty acids, fatty alcohol, fatty aldehydes, steroid ketones, phytosterols, n-alkanes and wax esters) of the waxes obtained by scCO(2) were comparable to those obtained Soxhlet extraction using the potentially toxic solvent n-hexane. ScCO(2) extraction positively influenced the pyrolysis heating rate, with a rate of 420 K min(-1) for particles of 500-2000 μm, compared to 240 K min(-1) for the same particle size of untreated straw. Particle size significantly affected cellulose decomposition and the distribution of pyrolysis products (gaseous, liquid and char), highlighting the importance of selecting an adequate physical pre-treatment. TG and DTG of the original rice straw and resulting biochar produced indicated that cellulose was completely decomposed during the MAP. While a rapid pressure change occurred at ∼120 °C (size > 2000 μm) and ∼130 °C (size 500-2000 μm) during MAP and was associated with the production of incondensable gas during cellulose decomposition, this takes place at significantly lower temperatures than those observed with conventional pyrolysis, 320 °C. Wax removal by scCO(2) influences the dielectric properties of the straw, enhancing microwave absorption with rapid heating rates and elevated final pyrolysis temperatures, illustrating the benefits of combining these sustainable technologies within a holistic rice straw biorefinery.