Abstract
Electrocatalytic oxidation (ECO) has attracted attention because of its high efficiency and environmental friendliness in water treatment. The preparation of anodes with high catalytic activity and long service lifetimes is a core part of electrocatalytic oxidation technology. Here, porous Ti/RuO(2)-IrO(2)@Pt, Ti/RuO(2)-TiO(2)@Pt, and Ti/Y(2)O(3)-RuO(2)-TiO(2)@Pt anodes were fabricated by means of modified micro-emulsion and vacuum impregnation methods with high porosity titanium plates as substrates. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that RuO(2)-IrO(2)@Pt, RuO(2)-TiO(2)@Pt, and Y(2)O(3)-RuO(2)-TiO(2)@Pt nanoparticles were coated on the inner surface of the as-prepared anodes to form the active layer. Electrochemical analysis revealed that the high porosity substrate could result in a large electrochemically active area, and a long service life (60 h at 2 A cm(-2) current density, 1 mol L(-1) H(2)SO(4) as the electrolyte, and 40 °C). The degradation experiments conducted on tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) showed that the porous Ti/Y(2)O(3)-RuO(2)-TiO(2)@Pt had the highest degradation efficiency for tetracycline, reaching 100% removal in 10 min with the lowest energy consumption of 167 kWh kg(-1) TOC. The reaction was consistent with the pseudo-primary kinetics results with a k value of 0.5480 mol L(-1) s(-1), which was 16 times higher than that of the commercial Ti/RuO(2)-IrO(2) electrode. The fluorospectrophotometry studies verified that the degradation and mineralization of tetracycline were mainly ascribed to the •OH generated in the electrocatalytic oxidation process. This study thus presents a series of alternative anodes for future industrial wastewater treatment.