Abstract
Over the past two decades, the development and commercialization of slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) have significantly advanced, with the primary aim of mitigating environmental issues associated with excessive fertilizer use. A range of methodologies, including chemical and physical reactions, incorporation into carriers with porous and layered structures, and coating techniques, have been explored and refined. On the other hand, global challenges such as drought and desertification further underscore the need for SRFs that not only control nutrient release but also improve soil moisture retention. This paper reviews the development and application of eco-friendly starch hydrogels as fertilizer carriers and water retention for SRFs, particularly starch-based superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) produced through grafting copolymerization with acrylamide. This review explores both scientific issues, such as the microstructures and releasing mechanisms of SAPs, and technical development, involving copolymerization technologies, multi-initialization processes, methods of loading fertilizer into hydrogel, etc. Starch, as both a biodegradable and renewable carbohydrate polymer, offers distinct advantages due to its excellent chemical stability and high reactivity. The fabrication techniques of SAPs have been developed from traditional batch polymerization in aqueous solutions to more efficient, solvent-free reactive extrusion. The benefits of SRFs based on SAPs encompass enhanced soil aeration, the prevention of soil deterioration, the minimization of water evaporation, environmental pollution control, reduction in plant mortality, and prolonged nutrient retention within soil. In this review, we summarize the current progress, identify limitations in existing technologies, and propose future research directions to further enhance the performance of starch-based SRFs.