Abstract
BACKGROUND: E-waste has been identified as the fastest growing waste stream in the world at present. Rapid socio-economic development and technological advancement are the main drivers of this trend. The hazardous chemical components of e-waste have potential adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health if not managed properly. This represents an imminent challenge to achieving sustainable development goals. Although technologically developed countries are the main source of e-product production and e-waste generation, the generated volume has also been increasing in developing countries and those in transition due to transport and transfer from e-waste source countries. Consequently, developing countries are in a vulnerable situation due to their lack of inventory data, waste management policies and advanced technology for environmentally sound management. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to demonstrate that the present global e-waste scenarios and health hazards could prolong the achievement of sustainable development targets. This study illustrates scenarios from different perspectives and raises concerns about e-waste, identifies information gaps, and provides a basis for knowledge and awareness building and technological improvement to facilitate global long-term sustainable development. DISCUSSION: Total and per capita global e-waste generation has been increased along with socio-economic development. These products present a significant global challenge due to the hazardous chemicals they contain, their highly technical recycling requirements and the high overhead and costs of environmentally sound management, as well as their adverse impacts to human health. Although high-income countries are the main sources of this waste, low-income countries are experiencing an increase in e-waste due to the shifting process of both recently produced and used electric and electronic equipment (UEEE), as well as cheap management overhead costs. Consequently, they bear the greatest burden of adverse health hazards and ecosystem degradation, prolonging their achievement of sustainable development goals. CONCLUSIONS: Sustainability is being prioritized for all development activities by integrating societal, economic, environmental, technological, cultural, and gender perspectives. Considering the adverse potential eco-toxicological impacts and diverse health effects of e-waste, an urgent global multilateral agreement is needed addressing its management (i.e., handling, storage, transportation, recycling, and final disposal), whether by land filling or incineration. Due to the global nature of the issue and the difficulty of establishing sustainable and environmentally sound processing of e-waste in low-income countries, multinational negotiation and collaboration is the only realistic solution. Furthermore, comprehensive global e-waste management and policies could help to off-set the hazards of e-waste and are the best approach for achieving sustainable development.