Abstract
BACKGROUND: Evidence from the fields of evolutionary biology and neuroscience supports the theory that spatial cognition and social cognition share neural mechanisms. Rodent models are widely used to study either spatial or social cognition, but few studies have explored the interactions between the spatial and social cognitive domains due to the lack of appropriate paradigms. NEW METHOD: Our study introduces the Vertical Maze (VM), a novel behavioral apparatus designed to measure multiple aspects of spatial and social cognition. The VM features a standard 3-chamber maze positioned above multilevel columns allowing for the presentation of conspecifics at varying spatial distances and familiarity levels. This arrangement enables conspecifics to serve as discriminative stimuli for both social and spatial spontaneous and goal-oriented assessments. The three-dimensional design of the VM allows rats to use multisensory cues to judge distance, direction, and social identity of conspecifics. RESULTS: In the present study, we found that rats can 1) discriminate the spatial distance of conspecifics located below them in an operant conditioning task, and 2) discriminate social novelty when conspecifics are presented below at the near, middle, and far distances in a spontaneous exploration task. Critically, it was necessary for rats to explore all levels of the maze to perform these discriminations. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: This new method advances the field by permitting the presentation of social information (conspecifics) at different spatial distances. The use of conspecifics to serve as stimuli for both social and spatial discriminations allows more direct comparison of behavioral measures across these information domains. Importantly, the presentation of conspecifics as stimuli below the 3-chamber level of the maze engages auditory, visual, and olfactory systems, encouraging a robust multisensory representation of conspecifics presented at a distance. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that the VM is an effective tool for studying both spatial and social cognition, facilitating the development of novel automated tasks in these areas. This new method opens new avenues for investigating the neural and cognitive foundations of spatial and social behavior, as well as for exploring the possibility of shared mechanisms across these cognitive domains.