Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has emerged as a leading bio-based polymer due to its renewability, processability, and biodegradability, yet its broader adoption remains constrained by limitations in thermal stability, mechanical performance, and end-of-life control. This review provides a comparative and application-oriented overview of recent advances in PLA from synthesis and catalyst landscapes to structure-property-biodegradation relationships and practical applications. Representative polymerization routes and catalyst systems are critically compared in terms of achievable molecular weight, stereochemical control, scalability, and sustainability. Key structure-property modification strategies-including stereocomplex formation, blending, and copolymerization-are quantitatively evaluated with respect to thermal and mechanical properties, highlighting inherent trade-offs. Importantly, environment-specific biodegradation behaviors are assessed using representative quantitative metrics under industrial composting, soil, marine, and enzymatic conditions, underscoring the strong dependence of degradation on both material design and testing environment. Finally, application-driven requirements for food packaging, fibers, and agricultural materials are discussed alongside regulatory considerations, processing constraints, and qualitative cost positioning relative to conventional polymers. By integrating recent representative studies into comparative tables and synthesis-driven discussions, this review offers design guidelines for tailoring PLA-based materials toward targeted performance and sustainable deployment.