Abstract
BACKGROUND: The energy efficiency and environmental friendliness of recombinant chitinase A make it a promising candidate for industrial applications as a sustainable catalyst. For the first time, a very stable and an efficient biocatalyst was developed to decolorize synthetic dyes by immobilizing Serratia marcescens chitinase A (SmChiA) onto beads comprised of sodium alginate (SA) and modified rice husk powder (mRHP). The mRHP was produced by treating rice husk powder with citric acid, which was then combined with SA at three different concentrations (25, 50 and 100% of SA weight) and cross-linked with calcium chloride to form the beads. 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide facilitates the formation of amide bonds that covalently bind SmChiA to the beads. The effectiveness of the synthesis and immobilization processes was confirmed using characterization methods (scanning electron microscopy, SEM and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR). RESULTS: Beads with 50% mRHP and 1.75 UmL(- 1) of enzyme solution achieved the highest immobilization after 5 h of activation. The immobilized SmChiA demonstrated superior pH, temperature, and storage stability in respect to its free relative. The K(m) value was 3.33 mg/mL, while the V(max) was 4.32 U/mg protein/min. Activation energy (Ea), denaturation (E(d)), half-lives (T(1/2)), and decimal reduction time (D-values) were evaluated for immobilized and free SmChiA. The immobilization of SmChiA increased its affinity for the substrates by around 2.12 to 2.18 times. Compared to free chitinase, immobilized chitinase demonstrated greater durability after 22 reuses, maintaining its full activity. This proved the suitability of SA-mRHP beads as a cross-linker for chitinase immobilization. Crystal violet, malachite green, safranin, and methylene blue were more effectively decolorized from aqueous solutions by the immobilized SmChiA at a contact period of 84-h, dosage of 2.625 U/1.5 g, and temperature of 30 (◦)C. Using an immobilized biocatalyst, the biodegradation was also examined using UV, FTIR, and SEM-EDX. The results confirmed the dye degradation. CONCLUSION: A variety of dyes could be safely removed from the environment using our bioremediation procedures. To the best of our knowledge, no studies had been conducted on the application of immobilized chitinase for dye removal.