Abstract
Aerobic granules are dense three-dimensional microbial aggregates which are known for their excellent settling ability, high biomass retention, and simultaneous biological reaction due to their multilayered structure. All these features enable the aerobic granules to remove emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), microplastics, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in municipal and industrial wastewater. This review discusses the development and application of the aerobic granules, especially in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with a height over diameter (H/D) ratio of 5 to 10. The mechanisms of EC removal in aerobic granules and the removal efficiency of the ECs by aerobic granules were also scrutinized, with the reported removal efficiency ranging from 10-100% for PPCPs, 84-94% for EDCs, 74-95% for microplastics, and more than 85% for PFAs. In spite of the huge potential of aerobic granular technology, its large-scale implementation is hampered by operational and scaling challenges. Future research should focus on optimizing the operational parameters and overcoming the scale-up barrier to fully leverage the potential of aerobic granules in removing ECs.