Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Lung cancer cells develop resistance to apoptosis by suppressing the secretion of the tumor suppressor Par-4 protein (also known as PAWR) and/or down-modulating the Par-4 receptor GRP78 on the cell surface (csGRP78). We sought to identify FDA-approved drugs that elevate csGRP78 on the surface of lung cancer cells and induce Par-4 secretion from the cancer cells and/or normal cells in order to inhibit cancer growth in an autocrine or paracrine manner. In an unbiased screen, we identified crizotinib (CZT), an inhibitor of activated ALK/MET/ROS1 receptor tyrosine kinase, as an inducer of csGRP78 expression in ALK-negative, KRAS or EGFR mutant lung cancer cells. Elevation of csGRP78 in the lung cancer cells was dependent on activation of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRC by CZT. Inhibition of SRC activation in the cancer cells prevented csGRP78 translocation but promoted Par-4 secretion by CZT, implying that activated SRC prevented Par-4 secretion. In normal cells, CZT did not activate SRC and csGRP78 elevation but induced Par-4 secretion. Consequently, CZT induced Par-4 secretion from normal cells and elevated csGRP78 in the ALK-negative tumor cells to cause paracrine apoptosis in cancer cell cultures and growth inhibition of tumor xenografts in mice. Thus, CZT induces differential activation of SRC in normal and cancer cells to trigger the pro-apoptotic Par-4-GRP78 axis. As csGRP78 is a targetable receptor, CZT can be repurposed to elevate csGRP78 for inhibition of ALK-negative lung tumors.