Abstract
In clonal unisexual vertebrates, the genes specifying the males become dispensable. To study the fate of such genes the gynogenetic all-female fish Poecilia formosa was treated with androgens. Phenotypic males were obtained that exhibited the complete set of male characteristics of closely related gonochoristic species, including body proportions, pigmentation, the extremely complex insemination apparatus of poeciliid fish, sexual behavior, and spermatogenesis. The apparent stability of such genic structures, including those involved in androgen regulation, is contrasted by high instability of noncoding sequences. Frequent mutations, their clonal transmission, and at least two truly hypervariable loci leading to individual differences between these otherwise clonal organisms were detected by DNA fingerprinting. These observations substantiate the concept that also in "ameiotic" vertebrates certain compartments of the genome are more prone to mutational alterations than others.