Abstract
As dogs are often required to be leashed in public, guardians need to choose between various restraint devices. While using collars typically considered aversive (such as choke, prong, or electric collars) is generally discouraged due to welfare concerns, guidance is less clear when it comes to selecting among other devices such as collars, harnesses, and head collars. This review examined 21 full-text articles and two abstracts on the effects of commonly used restraint devices, aiming to offer practical guidance for guardians and identifying areas for future research. The impact of these devices was examined in terms of walking kinematics, pressure distribution on the body, and behavioural signs of stress. The findings suggest there is no one-size-fits-all device, and selection should consider the individual needs of guardian and dog. For dogs that pull, non-tightening front-clip harnesses appear to offer the best balance between discomfort and reduction in pulling. Tightening harnesses, martingale collars, and head collars can pose greater discomfort and should be used with caution. For brachycephalic breeds or when pulling is not a concern, back-clip harnesses are suitable, especially chest-strap or Y-shaped ones. Flat collars are also appropriate for dogs that do not pull as they produce the least body restriction.