Background
Given that diabetes-associated complications are closely associated with neuroinflammation, it is imperative to study potential changes in neuroinflammatory modulators in the central nervous system of diabetic primates.
Conclusions
Several ligands and receptors involved in neuroinflammation are simultaneously dysregulated in the spinal cord of diabetic monkeys. This primate disease model will facilitate the design of novel treatment approaches to ameliorate neuroinflammation-driven adverse effects in diabetic patients.
Methods
The mRNA levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, toll-like receptors (TLRs), growth factors, and cannabinoid receptors were compared in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) and thalamus of naturally occurring type 2 diabetic monkeys and an age-matched control group using reverse transcription and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Results
In the SDH of diabetic monkeys, mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e. interleukin [IL]-1β and tumor necrosis factor [TNF] α), TLR1, and TLR2 were increased, whereas mRNA levels of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, were decreased. No changes were observed in the mRNA levels of growth factors and cannabinoid receptors. In line with the mRNA data, TNFα immunoreactivity was significantly increased in diabetic monkeys. Moreover, mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, TNFα, TLR1, and TLR2 in the SDH were positively correlated with plasma glucose concentrations in all monkeys. Conclusions: Several ligands and receptors involved in neuroinflammation are simultaneously dysregulated in the spinal cord of diabetic monkeys. This primate disease model will facilitate the design of novel treatment approaches to ameliorate neuroinflammation-driven adverse effects in diabetic patients.