Abstract
TCPOBOP (1,4-Bis [2-(3,5-Dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene) is a constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) agonist that induces robust hepatocyte proliferation and hepatomegaly without any liver injury or tissue loss. TCPOBOP-induced direct hyperplasia has been considered to be CAR-dependent with no evidence of involvement of cytokines or growth factor signaling. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), MET and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), are known to play a critical role in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, but their role in TCPOBOP-induced direct hyperplasia, not yet explored, is investigated in the current study. Disruption of the RTK-mediated signaling was achieved using MET knockout (KO) mice along with Canertinib treatment for EGFR inhibition. Combined elimination of MET and EGFR signaling [MET KO + EGFR inhibitor (EGFRi)], but not individual disruption, dramatically reduced TCPOBOP-induced hepatomegaly and hepatocyte proliferation. TCPOBOP-driven CAR activation was not altered in [MET KO + EGFRi] mice, as measured by nuclear CAR translocation and analysis of typical CAR target genes. However, TCPOBOP-induced cell cycle activation was impaired in [MET KO + EGFRi] mice due to defective induction of cyclins, which regulate cell cycle initiation and progression. TCPOBOP-driven induction of FOXM1, a key transcriptional regulator of cell cycle progression during TCPOBOP-mediated hepatocyte proliferation, was greatly attenuated in [MET KO + EGFRi] mice. Interestingly, TCPOBOP treatment caused transient decline in hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha expression concomitant to proliferative response; this was not seen in [MET KO + EGFRi] mice. Transcriptomic profiling revealed the vast majority (~40%) of TCPOBOP-dependent genes primarily related to proliferative response, but not to drug metabolism, were differentially expressed in [MET KO + EGFRi] mice. Conclusion: Taken together, combined disruption of EGFR and MET signaling lead to dramatic impairment of TCPOBOP-induced proliferative response without altering CAR activation.