Abstract
Neuronal pain, including neuropathic pain, migraines, and chronic pain syndromes, presents a significant global health challenge. This literature review covers studies conducted until 2024 using major databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar, with the search terms "Neuropathic Pain/therapy" OR "Chronic Pain/therapy" OR "Pain Management/methods" OR "Neuromodulation/methods" OR "Spinal Cord Stimulation" OR "Deep Brain Stimulation" OR "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation" OR "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation" OR "Nav1.7 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel" OR "Biologics/pharmacology" OR "Drug Delivery Systems/methods" OR "Regenerative Medicine/methods" OR "Stem Cell Transplantation/methods" OR "Platelet-Rich Plasma/therapeutic use" OR "Tissue Engineering/methods" OR "Biomarkers/metabolism" OR "Machine Learning" OR "Precision Medicine." This review explores contemporary advancements in neurological pain therapy, emphasizing analytical studies that translate into clinical applications. The research foundation is built on modern literature examining pain mechanisms, pharmaceutical innovations, neuromodulation strategies, personalized pain management, and regenerative medicine. Notable advancements include neuroinflammation research, molecular and genetic pain factor discoveries, and the development of selective Nav1.7 inhibitors, biologics, and advanced drug delivery systems. Neuromodulation techniques, both invasive (e.g., deep brain stimulation (DBS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS)) and noninvasive (e.g., transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)), play a crucial role in pain modulation. Regenerative approaches, including stem cell therapy, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and tissue engineering, offer promising solutions for tissue repair and symptom relief. Additionally, genomic data, biomarkers, and machine learning enhance precision in pain management. Ethical considerations regarding treatment accessibility and opioid alternatives remain critical, particularly for Hispanic Americans facing language barriers in programs like Optum. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) continue to be widely used in mental health treatment. In conclusion, the convergence of translational research, innovative therapies, and personalized medicine marks a transformative era in neurological pain management, improving patient outcomes and quality of life.