Abstract
It has been conventionally accepted that primary androgen depletion therapy (PADT) is effective only as a palliative treatment against localized prostate cancer (LPC) and locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPC), like its effect against advanced (metastatic) prostate cancer. In Japan, however, PADT has long been the treatment of choice for LPC and LAPC. The frequency of PADT being chosen to treat LPC and LAPC is also on the rise in clinical practice in the USA. Very little evidence to support this trend has so far been available. A study on the outcomes of endocrine therapy is currently being conducted in Japan by the Japanese Prostate Cancer Surveillance Group. Results of several domestic and overseas randomized trials have recently been published, and evidence for the efficacy of PADT in LPC and LAPC has been accumulating. The effectiveness of PADT in LAPC, in particular, is worthy of attention. There is a possibility that therapeutic strategies for LPC and LAPC may change dramatically in the near future.