Abstract
The preventive effect of coffee on cancer at different sites has been reported, but the effect on all-sites cancer incidence has not been extensively investigated. We evaluated the association between frequency of coffee consumption and risk of all-sites cancer incidence and mortality among 39 685 men and 43 124 women (age 40-79 years, at baseline), in the Three-Prefecture Cohort Study. The association between frequency of coffee consumption and risk of all-sites cancer incidence and mortality was assessed by a Cox proportional hazards regression model, adjusted for potential confounders. During 411 341 person-years among men and 472 433 person-years among women, a total of 4244 men and 2601 women developed cancer at different sites and a total of 3021 men and 1635 women died of cancer at different sites. We showed an inverse association between frequency of coffee consumption and all-sites cancer incidence in both men and women. Comparing participants who consumed coffee with those who never drank coffee, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidential interval) for all-sites cancer incidence was 0.74 (0.62-0.88) for coffee consumption of ≥5 cups/day in men (P for trend < 0.001) and 0.76 (0.58-1.02) in women (P for trend = 0.020). Coffee consumption frequency was inversely associated with mortality from all-sites cancer. In this population, increasing coffee consumption resulted in a decreased risk of all-sites cancer incidence and mortality.