Abstract
BACKGROUND: The concept of spinal instability has been the subject of research since the 1940s and is commonly used in clinical practice to decide on patient treatment. This is despite the lack of an adequately validated diagnostic test for instability. Our goal is to describe automated tests to detect segmental translational and vertical instabilities that can be obtained from lumbar flexion-extension radiographs. We also assess the prevalence of these instabilities in different patient populations. METHODS: Using fully automated methods: (I) flexion-extension studies of asymptomatic volunteers were analyzed to understand the performance of instability metrics in that population; (II) 7,621 lumbar spine flexion-extension from multiple clinical studies were analyzed to document the prevalence of sagittal plane translational and vertical instabilities, corrected for the amount of intervertebral rotation, across different patient populations. RESULTS: Translational or vertical motion abnormalities were rare (<4% of levels) in the asymptomatic population, and the magnitude of translational motion was associated with radiographic disc degeneration (P<0.0001). Sagittal plane translational instabilities were uncommon (<4% of treatment levels) in lumbar disc arthroplasty and biologic disc treatment patients. They were more common (11% to 16% of treatment levels) in lumbar stenosis, lumbar fusion, and dynamic stabilization patients. A higher prevalence of vertical instabilities (27% to 48% of treatment levels) was seen in patients treated for lumbar stenosis and those selected for fusion or dynamic stabilization than those enrolled in disc arthroplasty studies or studies investigating biologics for disc disease treatment (6% to 11% of treatment levels). CONCLUSIONS: New and fully automated approaches to detecting abnormal sagittal plane intervertebral motion may lead to enhanced and standardized diagnosis of lumbar spine instability. Further clinical research is imperative to verify prevalences and validate the efficacy of these metrics in diagnosis and treatment algorithms. If supported by additional research, these metrics may help determine, for example, which lumbar spinal stenosis patients require fusion in addition to decompression surgery.