Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins of the Gq class have been implicated in signaling pathways regulating cardiac growth under physiological and pathological conditions. Knockout mice carrying inactivating mutations in both of the widely expressed G alpha q class genes, G alpha q and G alpha 11, demonstrate that at least two active alleles of these genes are required for extrauterine life. Mice carrying only one intact allele [G alpha q(-/+);G alpha 11(-/-) or G alpha q(-/-);G alpha 11(-/+)] died shortly after birth. These mutants showed a high incidence of cardiac malformation. In addition, G alpha q(-/-);G alpha 11(-/+) newborns suffered from craniofacial defects. Mice lacking both G alpha q and G alpha 11 [G alpha q(-/-);G alpha 11(-/-)] died at embryonic day 11 due to cardiomyocyte hypoplasia. These data demonstrate overlap in G alpha q and G alpha 11 gene functions and indicate that the Gq class of G proteins plays a crucial role in cardiac growth and development.