Abstract
Organoids, three-dimensional in vitro organ-like tissue cultures derived from stem cells, show promising potential for developmental biology, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. However, the function and phenotype of current organoids, especially neural organoids, are still limited by insufficient diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, metabolites, signaling molecules, and drugs. Herein, we present Vascular network-Inspired Diffusible (VID) scaffolds to fully recapture the benefits of physiological diffusion physics for generating functional organoids and phenotyping their drug response. In a proof-of-concept application, the VID scaffolds, 3D-printed meshed tubular channel networks, support the successful generation of engineered human midbrain organoids almost without necrosis and hypoxia in commonly used well-plates. Compared to conventional organoids, these engineered organoids develop with more physiologically relevant features and functions including midbrain-specific identity, oxygen metabolism, neuronal maturation, and network activity. Moreover, these engineered organoids also better recapitulate pharmacological responses, such as neural activity changes to fentanyl exposure, compared to conventional organoids with significant diffusion limits. Combining these unique scaffolds and engineered organoids may provide insights for organoid development and therapeutic innovation.