Abstract
Cyclic AMP controls neuronal ion channel activity. For example hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) and M-type K+ channels are activated by cAMP. These effects have been suggested to be involved in astrocyte control of neuronal activity, for example, by controlling the action potential firing frequency. In cortical neurons, cAMP can induce mixed-mode oscillations (MMOs) consisting of small-amplitude, subthreshold oscillations separating complete action potentials, which lowers the firing frequency greatly. We extend a model of neuronal activity by including HCN and M channels, and show that it can reproduce a series of experimental results under various conditions involving and inferring with cAMP-induced activation of HCN and M channels. In particular, we find that the model can exhibit MMOs as found experimentally, and argue that both HCN and M channels are crucial for reproducing these patterns. To understand how M and HCN channels contribute to produce MMOs, we exploit the fact that the model is a three-time scale dynamical system with one fast, two slow, and two super-slow variables. We show that the MMO mechanism does not rely on the super-slow dynamics of HCN and M channel gating variables, since the model is able to produce MMOs even when HCN and M channel activity is kept constant. In other words, the cAMP-induced increase in the average activity of HCN and M channels allows MMOs to be produced by the slow-fast subsystem alone. We show that the slow-fast subsystem MMOs are due to a folded node singularity, a geometrical structure well known to be involved in the generation of MMOs in slow-fast systems. Besides raising new mathematical questions for multiple-timescale systems, our work is a starting point for future research on how cAMP signalling, for example resulting from interactions between neurons and glial cells, affects neuronal activity via HCN and M channels.