Abstract
The electrophysiological effects of the anti-malarial drug primaquine on cardiac Na(+) channels were examined in isolated rat ventricular muscle and myocytes. In isolated ventricular muscle, primaquine produced a dose-dependent and reversible depression of dV/dt during the upstroke of the action potential. In ventricular myocytes, primaquine blocked I(Na)(+) in a dose-dependent manner, with a K(d) of 8.2 microM. Primaquine (i) increased the time to peak current, (ii) depressed the slow time constant of I(Na)(+) inactivation, and (iii) slowed the fast component for recovery of I(Na)(+) from inactivation. Primaquine had no effect on: (i) the shape of the I - V curve, (ii) the reversal potential for Na(+), (iii) the steady-state inactivation and g(Na)(+) curves, (iv) the fast time constant of inactivation of I(Na)(+), and (v) the slow component of recovery from inactivation. Block of I(Na)(+) by primaquine was use-dependent. Data obtained using a post-rest stimulation protocol suggested that there was no closed channel block of Na(+) channels by primaquine. These results suggest that primaquine blocks cardiac Na(+) channels by binding to open channels and unbinding either when channels move between inactivated states or from an inactivated state to a closed state. Cardiotoxicity observed in patients undergoing malaria therapy with aminoquinolines may therefore be due to block of Na(+) channels, with subsequent disturbances of impulse conductance and contractility.