Abstract
Bone metastasis at an advanced disease stage is common in most solid tumors and is untreatable. Overexpression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in tumor-bone marrow microenvironment drives a vicious cycle of tumor progression and bone resorption. Biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs), designed to localize in the tumor tissue in bone marrow, were evaluated in a prostate cancer model of bone metastasis. The combination treatment, encapsulating docetaxel, an anticancer drug (TXT-NPs), and Denosumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to RANKL (DNmb-NPs), administered intravenously regressed the tumor completely, preventing bone resorption, without causing any mortality. With TXT-NPs alone treatment, after an initial regression, the tumor relapsed and acquired resistance, whereas DNmb-NPs alone treatment was ineffective. Only in the combination treatment, RANKL was not detected in the tumor tibia, thus negating its role in tumor progression and bone resorption. The combination treatment was determined to be safe as the vital organ tissue showed no increase in inflammatory cytokine or the liver ALT/AST levels, and animals gained weight. Overall, dual drug treatment acted synergistically to modulate the tumor-bone microenvironment with encapsulation enhancing their therapeutic potency to achieve tumor regression.