Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and sleep problems are highly prevalent among the general population. Both them are associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety, which is highlighting an underexplored connection between them. This meta-analysis aims to explore the association between sleep problems and GERD. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science, using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords, covering articles from the inception of the databases until August 2023. Stata statistical software, version 14.0, was utilized for all statistical analyses. A fixed-effects model was applied when p > 0.1 and I2 ≤ 50%, while a random-effects model was employed for high heterogeneity (p < 0.1 and I2 > 50%). Funnel plots and Egger's test were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: Involving 22 studies, our meta-analysis revealed that insomnia, sleep disturbance, or short sleep duration significantly increased the risk of GERD (OR = 2.02, 95% CI [1.64-2.49], p < 0.001; I(2) = 66.4%; OR = 1.98, 95% CI [1.58-2.50], p < 0.001, I(2) = 50.1%; OR = 2.66, 95% CI [2.02-3.15], p < 0.001; I(2) = 62.5%, respectively). GERD was associated with an elevated risk of poor sleep quality (OR = 1.47, 95% CI [1.47-1.79], p < 0.001, I(2) = 72.4%), sleep disturbance (OR = 1.47, 95% CI [1.24-1.74], p < 0.001, I(2) = 71.6%), or short sleep duration (OR = 1.17, 95% CI [1.12-1.21], p < 0.001, I(2) = 0). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis establishes a bidirectional relationship between four distinct types of sleep problems and GERD. The findings offer insights for the development of innovative approaches in the treatment of both GERD and sleep problems.