Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lysyl oxidases (LOX) have been extensively studied in mammals, whereas properties and functions of recently found homologues in prokaryotic genomes remain enigmatic. METHODS: LOX open reading frame was cloned from Haloterrigena turkmenica in an E. coli expression vector. Recombinant Haloterrigena turkmenica lysyl oxidase (HTU-LOX) proteins were purified using metal affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions followed by refolding. Amine oxidase activity has been measured fluorometrically as hydrogen peroxide release coupled with the oxidation of 10-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine in the presence of horseradish peroxidase. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies were obtained and used in western blotting. RESULTS: Cultured H. turkmenica has no detectable amine oxidase activity. HTU-LOX may be expressed in E. coli with a high protein yield. The full-length protein gives no catalytic activity. For this reason, we hypothesized that the hydrophobic N-terminal region may interfere with proper folding and its removal may be beneficial. Indeed, truncated His-tagged HTU-LOX lacking the N-terminal hydrophobic signal peptide purified under denaturing conditions can be successfully refolded into an active enzyme, and a larger N-terminal truncation further increases the amine oxidase activity. Refolding is optimal in the presence of Cu(2+) at pH 6.2 and is not sensitive to salt. HTU-LOX is sensitive to LOX inhibitor 3-aminopropionitrile. HTU-LOX deaminates usual substrates of mammalian LOX such as lysine-containing polypeptides and polymers. The major difference between HTU-LOX and mammalian LOX is a relaxed substrate specificity of the former. HTU-LOX readily oxidizes various primary amines including such compounds as taurine and glycine, benzylamine being a poor substrate. Of note, HTU-LOX is also active towards several aminoglycoside antibiotics and polymyxin. Western blotting indicates that epitopes for the anti-HTU-LOX polyclonal antibodies coincide with a high molecular weight protein in H. turkmenica cells. CONCLUSION: H. turkmenica contains a lysyl oxidase gene that was heterologously expressed yielding an active recombinant enzyme with important biochemical features conserved between all known LOXes, for example, the sensitivity to 3-aminopropionitrile. However, the native function in the host appears to be cryptic. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first report on some properties of a lysyl oxidase from Archaea and an interesting example of evolution of enzymatic properties after hypothetical horizontal transfers between distant taxa.