Abstract
BACKGROUND: PM(2.5) is a well-known harmful air pollutant that can lead to acute exacerbation and aggravation of respiratory diseases. Although ferroptosis is involves in the pathological process of pulmonary disease, the potential mechanism of ferroptosis in PM(2.5)-caused lung inflammation and fibrosis need to be further clarified. Quercetin is a phenolic compound that can inhibit ferroptosis in various diseases. Hence, this study explores the role of ferroptosis in lung injury induced by PM(2.5) in order to further elucidate the beneficial effect of quercetin and its underlying mechanism. METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were treated with either saline or PM(2.5) by intratracheal instillation 20 times (once every two days). Additionally, PM(2.5)-treated mice were supplemented with two doses of quercetin. Lung injury, lipid peroxidation, iron content and ferroptosis marker protein expression and the Nrf2 signaling pathway were evaluated. In vitro, cell experiments were applied to verify the mechanisms underlying the links between Nrf2 signaling pathway activation and ferroptosis as well as between ferroptosis and inflammation. RESULTS: In vivo, PM(2.5) increased lung inflammation and caused lung fibrosis and increased lipid peroxidation contents, iron contents and ferroptosis markers in lung tissues; these effects were significantly reversed by quercetin. Additionally, quercetin upregulated the nuclear Nrf2 expression and downregulated Keap1 expression in lung tissues of PM(2.5)-exposed mice. Quercetin decreased lipid peroxidation products, iron contents and ferroptosis levels and increased the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and the degradation of Keap1 in PM(2.5)-exposed BEAS-2B cells. Moreover, we found that quercetin and dimethyl fumarate markedly decreased lipid peroxidation production and ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in PM(2.5)-exposed cells. Furthermore, quercetin reduced inflammatory cytokines and TGF-β1 in PM(2.5)-exposed cells. CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that Nrf2 is involved in ferroptosis in PM(2.5)-induced lung injury, and quercetin can alleviate these adverse effects via activating Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway.