Abstract
Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake, an important economic tree species, is widely cultivated as a raw material source for pulpwood, veneer plywood, and sawlog timber in southern China. As a tree in multiple environments, tree-breeding programs can assess genotype by environment (G × E) interactions and identify the suitable genotype for a specific environment. G × E interactions related to growth traits and soil factors have not been adequately studied for clones of Eucalyptus urophylla and its hybrids. To examine this important question, trials containing 20 clones of E. urophylla and its hybrids were established at three sites in southern China: Shankou (SK), Tiantang (TT), and Xiniujiao (XNJ). These sites each have different soil conditions but similar geographical and climatic conditions. With the data across nearly eight years, average phenotypic trends and broad sense repeatability (H(2)) were modeled, G×E interactions between clones and diverse soil environments were estimated, genetic gains of clones were calculated, and the adaptabilities of E. urophylla clones in different soil environments were compared. Average survival trends for clones tended to show a moderate decrease while growth traits tended to show sharp increases with age. At the same age, sites were ordered for average survival and growth traits as TT>SK>XNJ while H(2) values for growth traits by site followed the basic order TT>SK>XNJ. The H(2) values for growth traits at SK tended to increase at first, platform, and then smooth with age. The H(2) values for growth traits at TT were high and stable across ages, and those at XNJ tended to undulate largely at a relatively low level across ages. Genetic correlations for growth traits between any pair of sites tended to increase at first and then decrease. A genetic correlation was strong between SK and TT, intermediate between SK and XNJ, and weak between TT and XNJ. It was concluded that: (1) clones tended to be adapted better to an environment with acidic and loamy soil with a clay content of about 45.6%, the soil depth from the surface to parent material about 1.5 m, and the previous vegetation of Eucalypts. (2) The G×E interactions between clones and sites are weaker if the environmental conditions between the sites are similar, and which are stronger if the environmental conditions between the sites are different. (3) The optimum selection age for clones ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 years old, while the optimum selection growth trait is individual tree volume.