Abstract
The field of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is undergoing a paradigm shift from complex ex vivo manufacturing to direct in vivo generation of CAR-T cells. This innovative approach leverages non-viral delivery platforms to reprogram a patient's own immune cells in situ, promising to overcome critical barriers of cost, scalability, and accessibility. The 2025 American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting served as a showcase for groundbreaking preclinical data across a diverse array of non-viral technologies, including advanced lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), virus-like particles (VLPs), and polymeric nanoparticles. This correspondence summarizes the latest reports on these platforms, highlighting their potential to revolutionize the treatment of both autoimmune diseases and hematological malignancies.