Abstract
Current graft evaluation during normothermic ex situ liver perfusion lacks real-time parameters for predicting posttransplant hepatocyte and biliary function. Indocyanine green (ICG) imaging has been widely used in liver surgery, enabling the visualization of hepatic uptake and excretion through bile using near-infrared light. In this research, porcine livers under various ischemic conditions were examined during a 5-hour normothermic ex situ liver perfusion procedure, introducing ICG at 1 hour through the hepatic artery. These conditions included livers from heart-beating donors, donation after circulatory death (DCD) with warm ischemic durations of 60 minutes (DCD60) and 120 minutes (DCD120), as well as interventions utilizing tissue plasminogen activator in DCD120 cases (each n = 5). Distinct hepatic fluorescence patterns correlated with different degrees of ischemic injury ( p = 0.01). Low ICG uptake in the parenchyma (less than 40% of maximum intensity) was more prevalent in DCD120 (21.4%) compared to heart-beating donors (6.2%, p = 0.06) and DCD60 (3.0%, p = 0.02). Moreover, ICG clearance from 60 minutes to 240 minutes was significantly higher in heart-beating donors (69.3%) than in DCD60 (17.5%, p < 0.001) and DCD120 (32.1%, p = 0.01). Furthermore, thrombolytic intervention using tissue plasminogen activator in DCD120 resulted in noteworthy outcomes, including significantly reduced ALP levels ( p = 0.04) and improved ICG clearance ( p = 0.02) with a trend toward mitigating fibrin deposition similar to DCD60, as well as enhancements in bile production ( p = 0.09). In conclusion, ICG fluorescence imaging during normothermic ex situ liver perfusion provides real-time classification of hepatic vascular and biliary injuries, offering valuable insights for the more accurate selection and postintervention evaluation of marginal livers in transplantation.