Abstract
Previous studies have indicated the efficacy of momordin Ic (MIc), a plant-derived triterpenoid, against several types of cancers, implying its potential for further development. However, comprehensive insights into the molecular mechanisms and targets of MIc in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the actions of MIc against CCA at the molecular level. Network pharmacology analysis was first employed to predict the mechanisms and targets of MIc. The results unveiled the potential involvement of MIc in apoptosis and cell migration, pinpointing Src and FAK as key targets. Subsequently, cell-based assays, in accordance with FAK/Src-associated metastasis, were conducted, demonstrating the ability of MIc to attenuate the metastatic behaviours of KKU-452 cells. The in vitro results further indicated the capability of MIc to suppress the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, notably by downregulating EMT regulators, including N-cadherin, vimentin, ZEB2 and FOXC1/2 expression. Furthermore, MIc suppressed the activation of the FAK/Src signalling pathway, influencing critical downstream factors such as MMP-9, VEGF, ICAM-1, and c-Myc. Molecular docking simulations also suggested that MIc could interact with FAK and Src domains and restrain kinases from being activated by hindering ATP binding. In conclusion, this study employs a comprehensive approach encompassing network pharmacology analysis, in vitro assays, and molecular docking to unveil the mechanisms and targets of MIc in CCA. MIc mitigates metastatic behaviours and suppresses key pathways, offering a promising avenue for future therapeutic strategies against this aggressive cancer.