Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the relationships between motion in the scalp, skull, and brain. In vivo estimates of motion transmission from the skull to the brain may illuminate the mechanics of traumatic brain injury. Because of challenges in directly sensing skull motion, it is useful to know how well motion of soft tissue of the head, i.e., the scalp, can approximate skull motion or predict brain tissue deformation. In this study, motion of the scalp and brain were measured using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and separated into components due to rigid-body displacement and dynamic deformation. Displacement estimates in the scalp were calculated using low motion-encoding gradient strength in order to reduce "phase wrapping" (an ambiguity in displacement estimates caused by the 2 π-periodicity of MRE phase contrast). MRE estimates of scalp and brain motion were compared to skull motion estimated from three tri-axial accelerometers. Comparison of the relative amplitudes and phases of harmonic motion in the scalp, skull, and brain of six human subjects indicate that data from scalp-based sensors should be used with caution to estimate skull kinematics, but that fairly consistent relationships exist between scalp, skull, and brain motion. In addition, the measured amplitude and phase relationships of scalp, skull, and brain can be used to evaluate and improve mathematical models of head biomechanics.