Abstract
The stimulator-of-interferon-gene (STING) protein is involved in innate immunity. The drug DMXAA (5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid) proved to be a potent murine-STING (mSTING) agonist but had little effect on human-STING (hSTING). In this paper, we draw upon the comparison of different crystal structures and protein-ligand interaction relationships analysis to venture the hypothesis that the drug design of DMXAA variants has the potential to convert STING agonists to inhibitors. Based on our previous discovery of two DMXAA analogs, 3 and 4 (both could bind to STING), we structurally optimized them and synthesized new derivatives, respectively. In binding assays, we found compounds 11 and 27 to represent STING binders that were superior to the original structures and discussed the structure-activity relationships. All target compounds were inactive in cellular assays for the screening of STING agonistic activity. Gratifyingly, we identified 11 and 27 as STING inhibitors with micromolar activity in both hSTING and mSTING pathways. In addition, 11 and 27 inhibited the induction of interferon and inflammatory cytokines activated by 2'3'-cGAMP without apparent cytotoxicity. These findings break the rigid thinking that DMXAA provides the structural basis specifically for STING agonists and open up more possibilities for developing novel STING agonists or inhibitors.