Abstract
Microbiome dysbiosis has emerged as a critical factor influencing the outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between microbiome composition and HSCT outcomes, highlighting the mechanisms through which dysbiosis impacts engraftment, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), infection rates, and overall survival. The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in modulating immune responses and maintaining intestinal homeostasis, both of which are crucial for the success of HSCT. This review aims to elucidate the underlying pathways and potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate adverse outcomes associated with microbiome imbalances in HSCT patients. Integrating microbiome modulation strategies such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and antibiotic stewardship into clinical practice can significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life post-transplantation.