Abstract
In the current era of precision medicine, there is renewed interest in radiopharmaceutical therapy and theranostics. The approval of somatostatin receceptor directed therapy and norepinephrine transporter targeted (131)I-MIBG therapies by the FDA and the rapid progress of highly promising beta and alpha emitter tagged PSMA directed therapy of prostate cancer have stimulated clinically impactful changes in practice. Many novel strategies are being explored and novel radiopharmaceutical therapeutic agents including peptide based ligands as well as antibodies or antibody fragments are being developed preclinically or are in early phase clinical trials. While beta particle emitters have most commonly been used for targeted radiotherapy and radioimmunotargeting, there is an emerging interest in alpha emitters that cause greater density of ionization events leading to increased double-strand DNA damage and cluster breaks because of the high-energy particles within a shorter tissue range of penetration and thereby lower toxicity to adjacent normal tissues.