Abstract
Blood transferrin receptor-positive (TfR+) exosomes are a kind of optimized drug delivery vector compared with other kinds of exosomes due to their easy access and high bio-safety. Their application facilitates the translation from bench to bedside of exosome-based delivery vehicles. Methods: In this study, a pH-responsive superparamagnetic nanoparticles cluster (denoted as SMNC)-based method was developed for the precise and mild separation of blood TfR+ exosomes. Briefly, multiple superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNs) labeled with transferrins (Tfs) could precisely bind to blood TfR+ exosomes to form an exosome-based cluster due to the specific recognition of TfR by Tf. They could realize the precise magnetic separation of blood TfR+ exosomes. More importantly, the pH-responsive dissociation characteristic of Tf and TfR led to the mild collapse of clusters to obtain pure blood TfR+ exosomes. Results: Blood TfR+ exosomes with high purity and in their original state were successfully obtained through the pH-responsive SMNC-based method. These can load Doxorubicin (DOX) with a loading capacity of ~10% and dramatically increase the tumor accumulation of DOX in tumor-bearing mice because of their innate passive-targeting ability. In addition, blood TfR+ exosomes changed the biodistribution of DOX leading to the reduction of side effects. Compared with free DOX, DOX-loaded blood TfR+ exosomes showed much better tumor inhibition effects on tumor-bearing mice. Conclusion: Taking advantage of the pH-responsive binding and disaggregation characteristics of Tf and TfR, the SMNC-based method can precisely separate blood TfR+ exosomes with high purity and in their original state. The resulting blood TfR+ exosomes showed excellent bio-safety and enable the efficient delivery of chemotherapeutics to tumors, facilitating the clinical translation of exosome-based drug delivery systems.