Abstract
Background: Traditional programmed cell death, including ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and apoptosis, has demonstrated excellent anti-tumor effects and declared their complete mechanisms, however, the zinc ion-mediated tumor inhibiting mechanisms remain insufficiently explored. In this study, a self-generated oxygen nanocatalytic system (ZnO@COF@EM, ZCE) was developed to stimulate cascade amplified effect (CAE) of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation leading to Znproptosis. The underlying Znproptosis mechanism to disrupt mitochondrial (Mito) metabolism was also investigated. Methods: Specifically, the principle of Znproptosis caused by accumulated zinc and ROS, which served as key factors, was declared through western blot analysis and genetic testing. The mechanism of generated ROS (·OH and (1)O(2)) under NIR irradiation by ZCE was detected by UV scanning curves, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images, and density functional analysis. The injury condition of Fe-S protein of mitochondria metabolism, which triggered Znproptosis with FDX2/LIAS pathway by zinc and ROS, was examined by PCR test and MTT assay. Notably, a Mito-targeting strategy for ZCE was proposed by using molecular docking technology, wherein Zn(2+) was recognized by zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) with the Mito. Results: ZCE, along with CAE, produced abundant ROS (2.42-time more than control group). At the quantum chemical level, the CAE mechanism was associated with a narrower highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap and increased electronic energy motion within ZCE, which prolonged the excited triplet state (ETS). At the gene level, Znproptosis was achieved by regulating FDX2 and ZIP7 proteins to damage Fe-S protein. The cell cycle was interrupted by Chk2/Cdc25C/Cdc2 and Chk2/p21/Cyclin B1 pathways, leading to the arrest of G1/S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle and inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, Znproptosis induced by overloading zinc ions and ROS resulted in a significant antitumor effect (up to 83.81%). Conclusion: Hence, the research reveals a detailed Znproptosis mechanism in nanocatalytic system. Through regulating FDX2/LIAS pathway, Znproptosis could improve the death rate of mitochondria by decreasing the production of Fe-S protein, contributing to advancements in the field of antitumor therapy.