Abstract
The human oral and nasal cavities can act as reservoirs for opportunistic pathogens capable of causing acute infection. These microbes asymptomatically colonize the human oral and nasal cavities which facilitates transmission within human populations via the environment, and they routinely possess a clinically-significant antibiotic-resistance genes. Among these opportunistic pathogens, the Klebsiella genus stands out as a notable example, with its members frequently linked to nosocomial infections and multidrug resistance. As with many colonizing opportunistic pathogens, how Klebsiella transitions from an asymptomatic colonizer to a pathogen remains unclear. Here, we explored a possible explanation by investigating the ability of oral and nasal Klebsiella to outcompete their native microbial community members under in vitro starvation conditions, which could be analogous to external hospital environments. When Klebsiella was present within a healthy human oral or nasal sample, the bacterial community composition shifted dramatically under starvation conditions and typically became dominated by Klebsiella. Furthermore, introducing K. pneumoniae exogenously into a native microbial community lacking K. pneumoniae, even at low inoculum, led to repeated dominance under starvation. K.pneumoniae strains isolated from healthy individuals' oral and nasal cavities also exhibited resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics and were genetically similar to clinical and gut isolates. In addition, we found that in the absence of Klebsiella, other understudied opportunistic pathogens, such as Peptostreptococcus, dominate under starvation conditions. Our findings establish an environmental circumstance that allows for the outgrowth of Klebsiella and other opportunistic pathogens. The ability to outcompete other commensal bacteria and to persist under harsh environmental conditions may contribute to the colonization-to-infection transition of these opportunistic pathogens.