Abstract
Monkeypox (MPox) is an infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus, presenting challenges in accurate identification due to its resemblance to other diseases. This study introduces a deep learning-based method to distinguish visually similar diseases, specifically MPox, chickenpox, and measles, addressing the 2022 global MPox outbreak. A two-stage optimization approach was presented in the study. By analyzing pre-trained deep neural networks including 71 models, this study optimizes accuracy through transfer learning, fine-tuning, and ensemble learning techniques. ConvNeXtBase, Large, and XLarge models were identified achieving 97.5% accuracy in the first stage. Afterwards, some selection criteria were followed for the models identified in the first stage for use in ensemble learning technique within the optimization approach. The top-performing ensemble model, EM3 (composed of RegNetX160, ResNetRS101, and ResNet101), attains an AUC of 0.9971 in the second stage. Evaluation on unseen data ensures model robustness and enhances the study's overall validity and reliability. The design and implementation of the study have been optimized to address the limitations identified in the literature. This approach offers a rapid and highly accurate decision support system for timely MPox diagnosis, reducing human error, manual processes, and enhancing clinic efficiency. It aids in early MPox detection, addresses diverse disease challenges, and informs imaging device software development. The study's broad implications support global health efforts and showcase artificial intelligence potential in medical informatics for disease identification and diagnosis.