Abstract
Immunostimulants play an important role in the treatment of immunodeficiency. Macrophages are the first line in our immune defense system and play a critical role in the immune response. Therefore, finding new and better substances to induce an immune response by activating macrophages is an attractive research topic, especially in the fields of immunopharmacology and cancer prevention. Keratinocytes actively crosstalk with immune cells during wound repair, so enhancing the function of keratinocytes is also an important part of improving immunity. Beta-glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides, consisting of d-glucose monomers linked by beta-glycosidic bonds. Several studies have investigated the immunomodulatory effects of beta-glucan, such as its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. However, the use of yeast cell wall glucan has been limited because it is not soluble in water. In this study, we produced low-molecular-weight water-soluble yeast glucan (WSY glucan) and confirmed various aspects of its immune-enhancing effect. The structure of the beta-(1→3) and (1→6) bonds of WSY glucan were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) analysis. Our results showed that treatment with WSY glucan significantly and dose-dependently induced the production of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO)) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6) in macrophages. In addition, WSY glucan treatment showed changes in the morphological structure of the macrophages and promoted phagocytic activity of the macrophages and wound healing in keratinocytes. Based on these results, WSY glucan is considered as a potential candidate for the treatment of diseases related to the weakening of the immune system without the limitation of insolubility.