Abstract
Although the pediatric perioperative pain management has been improved in recent years, the valid and reliable pain assessment tool in perioperative period of children remains a challenging task. Pediatric perioperative pain management is intractable not only because children cannot express their emotions accurately and objectively due to their inability to describe physiological characteristics of feeling which are different from those of adults, but also because there is a lack of effective and specific assessment tool for children. In addition, exposure to repeated painful stimuli early in life is known to have short and long-term adverse sequelae. The short-term sequelae can induce a series of neurological, endocrine, cardiovascular system stress related to psychological trauma, while long-term sequelae may alter brain maturation process, which can lead to impair neurodevelopmental, behavioral, and cognitive function. Children's facial expressions largely reflect the degree of pain, which has led to the developing of a number of pain scoring tools that will help improve the quality of pain management in children if they are continually studied in depth. The artificial intelligence (AI) technology represented by machine learning has reached an unprecedented level in image processing of deep facial models through deep convolutional neural networks, which can effectively identify and systematically analyze various subtle features of children's facial expressions. Based on the construction of a large database of images of facial expressions in children with perioperative pain, this study proposes to develop and apply automatic facial pain expression recognition software using AI technology. The study aims to improve the postoperative pain management for pediatric population and the short-term and long-term quality of life for pediatric patients after operational event.