Abstract
Objectives: Ultra-processed food (UPF) intake is associated with worse cardiovascular health (CVH), but associations between unprocessed/minimally processed foods (MPFs) and CVH are limited, especially among women of reproductive age (WRA). Materials and Methods: For 5,773 WRA (20-44 years) in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2018, we identified UPFs and MPFs using the Nova classification and based on 24-hour dietary recalls. We calculated usual percentages of calories from UPFs and MPFs using the National Cancer Institute's usual intake method. Seven CVH metrics were scored, and CVH levels were grouped by tertile. We used multivariable linear and multinomial logistic regression to assess associations between UPFs and MPFs and CVH. Results: The average usual percentage of calories from UPFs and MPFs was 57.2% and 29.3%, respectively. There was a graded, positive association between higher UPF intake and higher odds of poor CVH: adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for the lowest versus highest CVH were 1.74 (95% confidence interval: 1.51-2.01), 2.67 (2.07-3.44) and 4.66 (3.13-6.97), respectively, comparing quartile 2 (Q2)-Q4 to the lowest quartile (Q1) of UPF intake. Higher MPF intake was associated with lower odds of poor CVH: aORs for the lowest CVH were 0.61 (0.54-0.69), 0.39 (0.31-0.50), and 0.21 (0.14-0.31). Patterns of association remained consistent across subgroups and in sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Higher UPF intake was associated with worse CVH, while higher MPF intake was associated with better CVH among WRA in the United States. Our analyses highlight an opportunity for WRA to improve nutrition and their CVH.