Abstract
Chronic kidney disease, including renal failure (RF), is a global public health problem. The clinical diagnosis mainly depends on the change of estimated glomerular filtration rate, which usually lags behind disease progression and likely has limited clinical utility for the early detection of this health problem. Now, we employed Q-Exactive HFX Orbitrap LC-MS/MS based metabolomics to reveal the metabolic profile and potential biomarkers for RF screening. 27 RF patients and 27 healthy controls were included as the testing groups, and comparative analysis of results using different techniques, such as multivariate pattern recognition and univariate statistical analysis, was applied to screen and elucidate the differential metabolites. The dot plots and receiver operating characteristics curves of identified different metabolites were established to discover the potential biomarkers of RF. The results exhibited a clear separation between the two groups, and a total of 216 different metabolites corresponding to 13 metabolic pathways were discovered to be associated with RF; and 44 metabolites showed high levels of sensitivity and specificity under curve values of close to 1, thus might be used as serum biomarkers for RF. In summary, for the first time, our untargeted metabolomics study revealed the distinct metabolic profile of RF, and 44 metabolites with high sensitivity and specificity were discovered, 3 of which have been reported and were consistent with our observations. The other metabolites were first reported by us. Our findings might provide a feasible diagnostic tool for identifying populations at risk for RF through detection of serum metabolites.