Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly contagious infectious disease that has posed a global threat, leading to a widespread pandemic characterized by multi-organ complications and failures. AIMS: The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of Pfizer and Sinopharm vaccines on metabolomic changes and their correlations with immune pathways. MAIN METHODS: The study used a cross-sectional design and implemented an untargeted metabolomics-based approach. Plasma samples were obtained from three groups: non-vaccinated participants, Sinopharm-vaccinated participants, and Pfizer-vaccinated participants. Comparative metabolomic analysis was conducted using TIMS-QTOF, and multiple t-tests with a 5 % false discovery rate (FDR) were performed using MetaboAnalyst software. KEY FINDINGS: Out of the 105 metabolites detected, 72 showed statistically significant changes (p-value < 0.05) across the different groups. Notably, several metabolites such as neopterin, pyridoxal, and syringic acid were markedly altered in individuals vaccinated with Pfizer. Conversely, in the Sinopharm-vaccinated group, significant alterations were observed in sphinganine, neopterin, and sphingosine. These metabolites hold potential as biomarkers for evaluating vaccine efficacy. Additionally, both Pfizer and Sinopharm vaccinations were found to influence sphingolipid and histidine metabolisms compared to the control group. The Sinopharm group also displayed changes in lysine degradation relative to the control group. When comparing the enriched pathways between the Pfizer and Sinopharm-vaccinated groups, differences were observed in purine metabolism. Furthermore, alterations in tryptophan and vitamin B6 metabolism were noted when comparing the Pfizer-vaccinated group with both the control and Sinopharm-vaccinated groups. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings highlight the importance of metabolomics in assessing vaccine effectiveness and identifying potential biomarkers for monitoring the efficacy of newly developed vaccines in a shorter timeframe.