Abstract
Background: Multidisciplinary school-based interventions are considered a key strategy for promoting healthy lifestyles and preventing childhood obesity. However, evidence on the persistence of their effects beyond the intervention period remains limited. Objectives: This study investigated the long-term effect of different one-year combined physical education and nutritional interventions on children's lifestyles. Methods: One hundred forty-five primary school children (8-10 years of age) were randomly assigned to a traditional physical education group, a coordinative physical education group, or a control group. Anthropometric variables, physical activity levels, sedentary time, and eating habits were assessed at baseline, after a 1-school-year intervention period, at 6-month follow-up, and at 1-year follow-up. An ANOVA test for repeated measures was performed to detect the among-group difference in all measured variables from baseline to 1-year follow-up over the three time points. Results: Physical activity levels increased significantly in both intervention groups and remained elevated at follow-up, whereas no meaningful changes were observed in the control group. Fat mass percentage increased over time in the traditional and control groups but remained stable in the coordinative group. Overall, consumption of healthy foods increased and intake of unhealthy foods decreased across time, with more pronounced improvements in children participating in physical education programs. Conclusions: A combined school-based nutritional and physical education intervention can produce sustained improvements in children's lifestyle behaviours. Coordinative physical education may offer additional benefits in preventing unfavourable changes in body composition during late childhood.