Abstract
Aphids are highly destructive agricultural pests characterized by complex life cycles and phenotypic variability, facilitating their adaptation to diverse climates and host plants. Their feeding behavior leads to plant deformation, wilting, stunted growth, disease transmission, and significant yield losses. Given the economic risks aphids pose, regular updates on their seasonal behaviors, adaptive mechanisms, and destructive activities are critical for improving management strategies to mitigate crop losses. This review comprehensively synthesizes recent studies on aphids as plant pests, the extrinsic factors influencing their life cycles, and the intricate interactions between aphids and their hosts. It also highlights recent advancements in biological control measures, including natural enemies, antibiosis, and antixenosis. Additionally, we explore plant defense mechanisms against aphids, focusing on the roles of cell wall components such as lignin, pectin and callose deposition and the genetic regulations underlying these defenses. Aphids, however, can evolve specialized strategies to overcome general plant defenses, prompting the development of targeted mechanisms in plants, such as the use of resistance (R) genes against specific aphid species. Additionally, plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize compounds in aphid saliva, which triggers enhanced phloem sealing and more focused immune responses. This work enhances understanding of aphid-plant interaction and plant resistance and identifies key research gaps for future studies.