Abstract
PURPOSE: Mothers' reported connection, or bond, with their infants develops across the early postnatal period and is relevant to mother and offspring functioning. Little is known, however, about early predictors of bonding difficulties over time. The present study examined prenatal anxiety, depressive symptoms, and trait mindfulness and variation in bonding difficulties in mothers across the first two months postnatal. METHODS: Participants were 120 pregnant women (M(age)=31.09 years, SD = 4.81; 80% White). Measures of anxiety, depression, and five facets of mindfulness were administered mid-pregnancy (approximately 20 weeks gestation) and bonding difficulties were assessed every two weeks from approximately 1 to 7 weeks postnatal. RESULTS: Using multilevel modeling to account for within-person repeated assessments, we found an inverted U-shaped pattern across time such that bonding difficulties initially worsened before improving around five weeks postnatal. Prenatal anxiety and depressive symptoms were longitudinally associated with greater bonding difficulties overall and were unrelated to the trajectory of change. The mindfulness facets of acting with awareness and being nonjudging of one's own experience were longitudinally associated with less bonding difficulties overall, weaker initial increases in bonding difficulties, and earlier improvements. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal anxiety and depression may be risk factors for bonding difficulties that are persistent across the early postnatal period. In contrast, mindfulness tendencies before childbirth, specifically acting with awareness and being nonjudging towards oneself, may support early feelings of bonding over time.