Abstract
Furfural is a biomass-derived platform molecule that can be converted into a variety of useful products. Catalysts having appropriate balance between Lewis and Brønsted acid sites are suitable for valorisation of furfural. Lewis acidic metal ion incorporated zeolites were studied for this purpose. However, incorporating Lewis acidic metal ions into an alumino-silicate framework of a zeolite is a cumbersome process. Hence, an attempt has been made in this work to modulate the acid sites of Y zeolite via thermal treatment to effect controlled dealumination and use it for valorisation of furfural using isopropyl alcohol, which is a cascade transformation. The thermal treatment of zeolites changed the distribution of acid sites and increased the weak plus moderate to strong acid site ratio. Among the thermally dealuminated Y, beta and mordenite zeolites, with SiO2/Al2O3 ratio 5.2, 25 and 20, only Y zeolite could yield γ-valerolactone, the final product of the aimed cascade transformation. Complete conversion of furfural and 52% γ-valerolactone yield could be achieved under the optimized conditions using NH4Y zeolite thermally dealuminated at 700 °C (TY700). The better catalytic activity of TY700 could be correlated to a combination different factors such as framework structure, suitable weak plus moderate to strong acid site ratio, presence of both penta-coordinated and octahedral Al sites and balance between Brønsted and Lewis acid sites.