Abstract
The anuran middle ear in its complete form includes two skeletal elements, the columella and operculum, each occupying a portion of the oval window of the otic capsule and each provided with a middle ear muscle. The two elements have an interlocking arrangement of a form that makes it possible for these muscles to exercise a high degree of control of sound transmission from tympanic membrane to inner ear receptors. From the anatomical relations it is inferred that the two muscles operate as antagonists so that contraction of the opercular muscle and relaxation of the columellar muscle leave the columella free to move in and out of the oval window in response to sound vibrations, whereas a contraction of the columellar muscle and relaxation of the opercular muscle tend to immobilize the columella and reduce the transmission inward. The frog thus achieves a degree of control of sound reception that probably is unmatched among vertebrate ears. The purpose of the middle ear mechanism is no doubt the protection of the inner ear receptors (the amphibian and basilar papillae) from overstimulation by sounds, including the animal's own cries and the intense clamor produced by a group of frogs calling in chorus.