Abstract
This study underscores the paramount importance of facial expressions in pigs, serving as a sophisticated mode of communication to gauge their emotions, physical well-being, and intentions. Given the inherent challenges in deciphering such expressions due to pigs' rudimentary facial muscle structure, we introduced an avant-garde pig facial expression recognition model named CReToNeXt-YOLOv5. The proposed model encompasses several refinements tailored for heightened accuracy and adeptness in detection. Primarily, the transition from the CIOU to the EIOU loss function optimized the training dynamics, leading to precision-driven regression outcomes. Furthermore, the incorporation of the Coordinate Attention mechanism accentuated the model's sensitivity to intricate expression features. A significant innovation was the integration of the CReToNeXt module, fortifying the model's prowess in discerning nuanced expressions. Efficacy trials revealed that CReToNeXt-YOLOv5 clinched a mean average precision (mAP) of 89.4%, marking a substantial enhancement by 6.7% relative to the foundational YOLOv5. Crucially, this advancement holds profound implications for animal welfare monitoring and research, as our findings underscore the model's capacity to revolutionize the accuracy of pig facial expression recognition, paving the way for more humane and informed livestock management practices.